托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作考試考生需要重視的一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)要求就是不能用錯(cuò)詞匯。然而這個(gè)要求很多同學(xué)卻難以做到，常會(huì)在詞匯上意外出錯(cuò)。

　　1. 可數(shù)名詞要有冠詞代詞或復(fù)數(shù)

　　Even expert or scholar specializing in a certain field might cover a vast spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.

　　During high school, a very important time in a person’s education career, student will learn skill necessary to be successful in university and the work world.

　　第一句句子中的expert和scholar都是可數(shù)名詞，因此需要在這些詞之前加上冠詞(定冠詞或不定冠詞)或物主代詞，或變?yōu)槊~的復(fù)數(shù)形式。Even experts or scholars specializing in a certain field might cover a vast spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.

　　第二句句子中的student和skill也都是可數(shù)名詞，全句應(yīng)該改為：During high school, a very important time in a person’s education career, students will learn most of the skills necessary to be successful in university and the work world.

　　2. 集合名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要注意

　　我們來(lái)看下面的例句：

　　Technology is developing at a remarkable speed that our ancestors might never have foreseen.

　　在此句句子中technology 是不可數(shù)名詞?？忌欠窨梢詫⑦@句句子改成：Various modern technologies are developing at a remarkable speed that our ancestors might never have foreseen呢?technology到底是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞?

　　當(dāng)technology理解為抽象的“科學(xué)技術(shù)”，即強(qiáng)調(diào)總稱時(shí)，是不可數(shù)名詞，如例句中的Technology is developing at a remarkable speed中的technology正是對(duì)“科學(xué)技術(shù)總稱”的指代。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)“各種各樣”科技產(chǎn)品的時(shí)候，此時(shí)的technology則是可數(shù)名詞，如例句 Various modern technologies are developing at a remarkable speed. 這類(lèi)名詞稱之為“集合名詞”，在托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中經(jīng)常使用的“集合名詞”還有g(shù)overnment，如：

　　The central government is so concerned about keeping pandas in existence that it is spending millions of dollars trying to determine how to artificially inseminate the giant panda. (中央政府是一級(jí)具體的“政府機(jī)關(guān)”，因此使用可數(shù)名詞形式)

　　It is crucial for government to setup more funds by attracting larger investments to solve financial problems encountered during the course of environment-related projects. (這里的政府是“行政機(jī)關(guān)的總稱”，因此使用不可數(shù)名詞形式)

　　3. 名詞的首字母大寫(xiě)要求介紹

　　在哪些情況下名詞需要對(duì)其首字母進(jìn)行大寫(xiě)(capitalization)?

　　表示月份：February

　　表示歷史事件：The Enlightenment

　　表示歷史時(shí)期：The Middle Ages

　　表示書(shū)刊、報(bào)紙：The New York Times，The Washington Post

　　表示節(jié)日：Christmas，the Spring Festival

　　表示國(guó)家(地區(qū))：North America

　　表示專(zhuān)有名詞：the Amazon