GRE不光有技巧，不光有快速解題法，GRE更加考察大家的邏輯硬實(shí)力，文字理解實(shí)打?qū)嵉纳疃?/span>。良好的GRE備考應(yīng)當(dāng)在課堂上向老師學(xué)習(xí)快速解題法，取同取反邏輯的同時(shí)，課下扎扎實(shí)實(shí)的讀懂每一句話。讀懂，是一切技巧使用的前提。皮之不存，毛將焉附？
Passage 69
Historian Colin Calloway argues that in the late colonial period preceding the American Revolution (1775-1783), the British government sought to seal off territory west of the Appalachian Mountain from the encroachment of land-hungry White settlers, to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states, and to guarantee the integrity of traditional native American hunting grounds. By contrast, White Americans, released by the outbreak of the Revolution from the constraints of Britain’s allegedly benevolent policies, are portrayed by Calloway as ruthless land-grabbers whose new national government endorsed their rapacity. Bernard Bailyn argues, however, that the “Americans” who encroached on Native American land during the Revolution had been British only a few years before. When, during and after the Revolution, White Americans seized Native American land by any available means, they were continuing a tradition dating back to the earliest years of English settlement in North America. And, according to Bailyn, the British government’s prewar efforts to preserve the trans-Appalachian west for Native Americans resulted not from humanitarian virtue or ethnic tolerance but from British Merchants’ desire to maintain their lucrative trade with native Americans and the government’ s desire to control immigration and avoid costly conflict between White and Native Americans over land.
文章解析
Historian Colin Calloway argues that in the late colonial period preceding the American Revolution (1775-1783), the British government sought to seal off territory west of the Appalachian Mountain from the encroachment of land-hungry White settlers, to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states, and to guarantee the integrity of traditional native American hunting grounds.
歷史學(xué)家 Colin Calloway 認(rèn)為在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1775-1783）爆發(fā)之前的殖民時(shí)代后期 ，英國(guó)政府曾嘗試封鎖阿巴拉契亞山脈以西的領(lǐng)土，為了防止貪婪掠奪土地的白人定居者入侵這塊區(qū)域。他們還曾嘗試把印第安人看成是獨(dú)立的國(guó)家，來(lái)和他們進(jìn)行協(xié)商。另外，他們也還曾嘗試保障印第安人傳統(tǒng)的狩獵場(chǎng)的完整性。
這句話描述了歷史學(xué)家 Colin Calloway 對(duì)英國(guó)政府的看法。從他的描述可以分析出，他對(duì)英國(guó)政府持肯定態(tài)度。
By contrast, White Americans, released by the outbreak of the Revolution from the constraints of Britain’s allegedly benevolent policies, are portrayed by Calloway as ruthless land-grabbers whose new national government endorsed their rapacity.
相反，美國(guó)白人被 Calloway 看成是無(wú)情的土地掠奪者，其掠奪行為受到新政府的支持。這些白人因?yàn)楠?dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的爆發(fā)，而擺脫了英國(guó)政府仁慈政策的束縛。
這句話的 By contrast 提示了對(duì)比關(guān)系。從這句話可以判斷出，Calloway 對(duì)美國(guó)白人持否定態(tài)度，這和 Calloway 對(duì)英國(guó)政府的肯定態(tài)度形成了對(duì)比。
Bernard Bailyn argues, however, that the “Americans” who encroached on Native American land during the Revolution had been British only a few years before.
但是，Bernard Bailyn 認(rèn)為，這些在獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間侵占印第安人土地的所謂的“美國(guó)人”在幾年前其實(shí)還是英國(guó)人。
從這句話可以看出，Bernard Bailyn 并不同意 Calloway 的觀點(diǎn)。Calloway 對(duì)英國(guó)政府持肯定態(tài)度，但 Bernard Bailyn 認(rèn)為這些掠奪印第安人土地的美國(guó)白人其實(shí)就是英國(guó)人，只不過(guò)因?yàn)楠?dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，美國(guó)獨(dú)立成為了一個(gè)國(guó)家，所以他們“搖身一變”成為了美國(guó)人。在 Bernard Bailyn 看來(lái)，英國(guó)人也不是什么好人。
When, during and after the Revolution, White Americans seized Native American land by any available means, they were continuing a tradition dating back to the earliest years of English settlement in North America.
當(dāng)美國(guó)白人在獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間及之后用一切手段去侵占印第安人的土地的時(shí)候，他們是在延續(xù)著最早的時(shí)候英國(guó)定居者在美國(guó)的做法。
And, according to Bailyn, the British government’s prewar efforts to preserve the trans-Appalachian west for Native Americans resulted not from humanitarian virtue or ethnic tolerance but from British Merchants’ desire to maintain their lucrative trade with native Americans and the government’ s desire to control immigration and avoid costly conflict between White and Native Americans over land.
另外，Bailyn 認(rèn)為，在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)之前，英國(guó)政府并不是出于人道主義或者是包容多種族的原因，才努力為印第安人保留跨阿巴拉契亞區(qū)域西部的這塊土地的，而是因?yàn)橛?guó)商人想要保留他們和印第安人之間貿(mào)易，兩者之間的貿(mào)易讓英國(guó)商人賺得滿盆缽提。同時(shí)，英國(guó)政府也希望能夠控制移民數(shù)量，并且避免美國(guó)白人和印第安人就土地問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生代價(jià)高昂的沖突。
最后兩句話詳細(xì)地闡述了 Bailyn 的觀點(diǎn)。他對(duì)英國(guó)人持否定態(tài)度，在他看來(lái)，英國(guó)政府為印第安人做的事情并不是因?yàn)樗麄兊赖赂呱?，而是因?yàn)樗麄兿氡Ｗ∽约旱睦妗?/span>
題目解析
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. suggest that two different arguments about a particular historical period are both questionable
B. present historical evidence that undermines a widely accepted viewpoints
C. defend a revisionist historian’s thesis against traditionalist criticism
D. outline opposing interpretations of a particular historical phenomenon
E. resolve a dispute among historians over a controversial historical episode
白話版講解：
第一題：這篇文章的主旨大意是什么？
這道題應(yīng)該選 D。這篇文章描述了 Calloway 和 Bailyn 兩位學(xué)者對(duì)某個(gè)歷史事件的看法。兩者的看法是相對(duì)立的。
A. 表明兩種有關(guān)某個(gè)特定歷史時(shí)期的論證過(guò)程都是有問(wèn)題的。
B. 提供了歷史證據(jù)來(lái)削弱一個(gè)廣泛認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)。
C. 為一個(gè)的修正主義歷史學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行辯護(hù)，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)受到了傳統(tǒng)主義者的批評(píng)。
D. 概述了對(duì)某個(gè)歷史現(xiàn)象的兩種對(duì)立的解釋。
E. 平息了歷史學(xué)中對(duì)某個(gè)具有爭(zhēng)議的歷史事件進(jìn)行的爭(zhēng)論。
2. The reference to “the earliest years of English settlement in North America” serves primarily to emphasize the point that
A. Calloway has exaggerated the ruthlessness and rapacity of White settlers in their relations with native Americans prior to the American Revolution.
B. Seizure of Native American lands by White settlers had increased dramatically throughout the time of British Colonial rule.
C. At one time White settlers had negotiated with Native American people as independent foreign states.
D. White settlers had no legitimate ground for claiming title to land they seized west of the Appalachian Mountains.
E. Aggression by White settlers against Native Americans during and after the American Revolution was not a new phenomenon.
第二題：文中提到“最早的時(shí)候在美國(guó)的英國(guó)定居者”，目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)什么觀點(diǎn)？
這道題的正確答案是E。題干引用的在原文第四句。第四句話的意思是：當(dāng)美國(guó)白人在獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間及之后用一切手段去侵占印第安人的土地的時(shí)候，他們是在延續(xù)著最早的時(shí)候英國(guó)定居者在美國(guó)的做法。這說(shuō)明美國(guó)白人對(duì)印第安人的土地進(jìn)行掠奪的這種行為，早期的英國(guó)殖民者早就做過(guò)了。
A. Calloway 夸大了美國(guó)白人在獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之前，對(duì)印第安人的的無(wú)情和貪婪。
B. 白人定居者對(duì)印第安人的土地進(jìn)行侵占的行為在英國(guó)殖民者的統(tǒng)治期間
C. 白人定居者曾經(jīng)把印第安人當(dāng)做獨(dú)立的國(guó)家和他們進(jìn)行協(xié)商。
D. 白人定居者對(duì)于掠奪而來(lái)的、阿巴拉契亞山脈以西區(qū)域的土地并沒(méi)有合法的所有權(quán)。（該選項(xiàng)和原文第二句的內(nèi)容相反，原文第二句表明對(duì)于白人定居者的行為，新政府是支持的。這說(shuō)明他們對(duì)這些掠奪而來(lái)的土地是有合法的所有權(quán)的。）
E. 白人定居者在獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間和之后對(duì)印第安人的侵占行為并不是什么新鮮事。
3. It can be inferred that both Bailyn and Calloway would probably agree with which of the following assertions regarding the relations between White Americans and Native Americans concerning the trans-Appalachian west
A. The American Revolution unleashed an unprecedented wave of expropriation of Native American land by White settlers.
B. The British government’s prewar policy towards the Native Americans was determined largely by the interests of British merchants who traded with the Native Americans.
C. The British government tried to keep White settlers out of the trans-Appalachian west primarily in order to prevent disputes over land between those settlers and Native Americans.
D. The new national colonial government to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states.
E. One objective of the British government’s land policy prior to the American revolution was to prevent White settlers from moving to the western side of the Appalachian Mountains.
第三題：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可以推斷出，就美國(guó)白人和印第安人在跨阿巴拉契亞區(qū)域的西部地帶問(wèn)題上的關(guān)系，Bailyn 和 Calloway 可能都同意以下哪個(gè)說(shuō)法？
A. 美國(guó)獨(dú)立革命釋放了一撥前所未有的、美國(guó)白人對(duì)印第安人的土地進(jìn)行的征收潮。（這是 Calloway 的觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)應(yīng)原文第二句的內(nèi)容。）
B.英國(guó)政府在獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之前對(duì)印第安人的政策很大程度是由和印第安人做生意的英國(guó)商人的利益決定的。（這是 Bailyn 的觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)應(yīng)原文最后一句話的內(nèi)容。）
C. 英國(guó)政府曾試圖讓美國(guó)白人定居者遠(yuǎn)離跨阿巴拉契亞區(qū)域的西部地帶，主要是為了防止他們和印第安人之間就土地問(wèn)題發(fā)生沖突。（這是 Bailyn 的觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)應(yīng)原文最后一句話的內(nèi)容。）
D. 新的殖民政府把印第安人當(dāng)成是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的國(guó)家和他們進(jìn)行協(xié)商。（這一點(diǎn)在原文沒(méi)有提及）
E. 在獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之前，英國(guó)政府實(shí)施的土地政策，其目標(biāo)之一是阻止美國(guó)白人定居者往阿巴拉契亞山的西邊行進(jìn)。（原文第一句和最后一句都提到這一點(diǎn)。該選項(xiàng)的描述符合 Calloway 和 Bailyn 兩人的觀點(diǎn)。） |
