GRE不光有技巧，不光有快速解題法，GRE更加考察大家的邏輯硬實力，文字理解實打?qū)嵉纳疃?/span>。良好的GRE備考應當在課堂上向老師學習快速解題法，取同取反邏輯的同時，課下扎扎實實的讀懂每一句話。讀懂，是一切技巧使用的前提。皮之不存，毛將焉附？
Passage 70
The main exception to primate researchers’ general pattern has been the study of male care among monogamous primates. It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist- illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females. Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to court the female in her staggering reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it. It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.
Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture. First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or facultive monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy. Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility that the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did in some way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy. Either scenario could be true. The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon. In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/ or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.
文章解析
The main exception to primate researchers’ general pattern has been the study of male care among monogamous primates.
對于研究靈長類的研究人員來說，他們在研究模式上出現(xiàn)的最主要的一種例外情況，是在研究一夫一妻制的靈長類動物中，雄性的照看行為時發(fā)現(xiàn)的。
It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist- illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females.
在新大陸猴子中，雄性對它們幼崽進行直接照顧的程度和付出，和雌性一樣，甚至超過雌性。這件事情早已不是什么新鮮事，自從動物學家兼插畫家 George Edwards 決定觀察在倫敦一個花園里的寵物狨（一種棲息于中南美洲的小長尾猴）的行為的時候，我們就發(fā)現(xiàn)這一點了。
Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to court the female in her staggering reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it.
在狨這類猴子和檉柳猴（新大陸猴子的一種）中，母親一般一年生育兩次，而且每次基本都會生下雙胞胎，為了給承受巨大生育壓力的雌性獻殷勤，雄性會一直照顧著幼崽（哺乳時間除外）。
It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.
Klemain 認為，一夫一妻制度，以及雄性對親子關系的自信（即雄性相信雌性孵化的后代是自己的孩子）對于這種養(yǎng)育模式的進化非常重要。與此同時，Symons 和其他人認為，在靈長類動物中，一夫一妻的情況很少出現(xiàn)。
以上四句是第一段的內(nèi)容。第一段首先是描述了靈長類動物中的一種現(xiàn)象，并且對這種現(xiàn)象提出了解釋。
Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture.
但是，最近的發(fā)現(xiàn)卻讓人們對過去的觀點產(chǎn)生了質(zhì)疑。
First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or facultive monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy.
首先，一夫一妻制在靈長類動物中比之前人們認為的更常見。不管是義務一夫一妻制（雌性必須要在雄性的幫助下才能養(yǎng)育自己的后代），還是兼性一夫一妻制（雄性并不會承諾和某一個定性的雌性交往，但是因為他沒有更好的其它交配機會，所以選擇和她呆在一起），一夫一妻制度在 17% 到 20% 的現(xiàn)存靈長類動物中有被人類記錄到。其次，根據(jù) Hrdy 的觀點，雄性照顧孩子的情況比之前人們認為的更普遍，而且這種情況也不僅僅限于一夫一妻制的物種中。
這句話表明，過去和現(xiàn)在的兩種觀點，對于一夫一妻制度和雄性照顧后代這兩件事情之間的因果關系有著相反的理解。過去人們認為是一夫一妻制度導致了雄性進化到能夠去照看后代的程度。而現(xiàn)在的觀點則認為，雄性能夠擁有照看后代的能力導致了一夫一妻制度的出現(xiàn)。
Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility that the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did in some way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy.
在過去，人們認為一夫一妻制度，以及雄性對于親子關系的自信讓動物進化到了雄性會去養(yǎng)育后代（的程度）。而現(xiàn)在，我們應該去考慮另外一種可能性（另外一種可能性是更合理的）。這種可能性就是，雄性靈長類動物具備能夠出色完成照顧自己子女的能力，而這種能力讓靈長目動物中的成員提前適應了雄性和雌性之間的親密、長期的關系。而這種兩性之間存在的親密、長期關系導致了一夫一妻制的出現(xiàn)。
Either scenario could be true.
這句話表明，前面提到的雄性照看后代和一夫一妻制度的產(chǎn)生，兩者之間到底是誰導致了誰，目前還沒有定論。
The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon.
關鍵是，沒有理由認為雄性去撫養(yǎng)后代是一種特有的，比較局限的行為。（也就是說這種情況并不少見。）
In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.
總而言之，盡管普遍而言，幾乎在所有的靈長類動物中，母親撫養(yǎng)后代上花費的時間和（或）精力要比父親多，但雄性在撫養(yǎng)后代上面起到的作用比我們認為的更重要，也更多樣化。
題目解析
1. The author the passage mentions the work of Hrdy primarily to
A. present an instance of untenable assumption.
B. illustrate a consensus by citing a representative claim.
C. provide evidence that challenges a belief.
D. highlight a corollary of a widespread view.
E. offer data that help resolve a debate.
第一題：文章作者提到 Hrdy 的作品，目的是什么？
原文在第二段開頭提到了 Hrdy 的觀點，這句話是對第二段第一句的內(nèi)容（Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture.）進行了詳細的闡述。而第二段第一句話的內(nèi)容是對第一段結(jié)尾提到的觀點進行了質(zhì)疑。
B. 是通過引用某個具有代表性的觀點，來闡述一個共識。
C. 是為了提供證據(jù)，而這個證據(jù)是對某種觀點提出了挑戰(zhàn)和質(zhì)疑。
D. 是為了強調(diào)某個普遍認可的觀點會導致的必然結(jié)果、結(jié)論。
E. 是為了給出數(shù)據(jù)，來解決某個爭論話題。
2. According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy is
第二題：文章內(nèi)容，雄性照顧后代和一夫一妻制度之間的進化關系是怎樣的？
原文第二段提到了雄性照顧后代和一夫一妻制度之間的關系。以前認為是前者導致了后者，現(xiàn)在人們認為是后者導致了前者。隨后文章又對兩者之前的因果關系做出了評價（Either scenario could be true. ）。這句話說明兩者之間的關系目前還沒有定論。
3. The author of the passage suggests that it is “appropriate to consider the alternative possibility” because the previous view
A. results in a contradiction.
B. depends on problematic data.
C. appears less definite given certain facts.
D. conflates two distinct phenomena.
E. overlooks a causal relationship between correlated phenomena.
第三題：作者提到“另外一種可能性更合理一些”是因為之前的觀點有什么問題？
文章首先在第一段提到，人們過去觀察的結(jié)果是，雄性養(yǎng)育后代的情況也是比較少見。第二段提到，因此，過去的人們認為，是一夫一妻制度導致雄性愿意養(yǎng)育后代。但是后來，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一夫一妻制度比之前人們認為的更常見，而且雄性照顧后代的情況也比之前人們認為的更普遍。因此，作者提到，另外一種可能性更合理一些，也就是雄性有能力照顧后代，導致了一夫一妻制度的出現(xiàn)。因此，我們可以分析出，文章認為前面一種觀點它所依據(jù)的事實情況是有問題的。
A. 因為它會導致出現(xiàn)了前后不一致、矛盾的情況。
B. 因為它是根據(jù)有問題的數(shù)據(jù)得出來的。
C. 因為它是根據(jù)一些不確定的情況得出來的。
E. 因為它忽視了兩個相互關聯(lián)的現(xiàn)象之間存在的因果關系。
4. Which of the following statement, if true, would provide the greatest support to “the alternative possibility”?
A. The number of primate species in which male care of infants is exhibited is greater than the number of primate species that practice monogamy.
B. Male care of infants among primates can be seen earlier in the evolutionary record than can monogamy among primates.
C. Monogamous relationships among primates can be found in species living in a variety of physical environments.
D. Most primate species that practice monogamy do not show any evidence of male care of infants.
E. Male care of infants can be observed in some primate species that lack male confidence of paternity.
第四題：以下哪個說法最能支持“另外一種可能性”的說法？
另外一種可能性認為，雄性顧后代的能力導致了一夫一妻制度的出現(xiàn)。想要加強這種說法，只需要加強兩者之間的因果關系即可。
A. 靈長類動物中，雄性照顧后代的物種數(shù)量比實行一夫一妻制度的物種數(shù)量多。
B. 靈長類動物中，雄性照顧后代的情況比一夫一妻制度更早出現(xiàn)。（間接支持說明前者導致了后者的出現(xiàn)。）
C. 一夫一妻制度可以在生活在各種環(huán)境中的靈長類動物身上觀察到。
D. 大部分實行一夫一妻制度的靈長類動物都沒有出現(xiàn)雄性照顧后代的情況。
E. 雄性照顧后代的情況可以在一些靈長類物種中觀察到，這些物種里，雄性并不確定自己撫養(yǎng)的后代是否是自己的。
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