GRE不光有技巧，不光有快速解題法，GRE更加考察大家的邏輯硬實力，文字理解實打?qū)嵉纳疃?/span>。良好的GRE備考應(yīng)當在課堂上向老師學習快速解題法，取同取反邏輯的同時，課下扎扎實實的讀懂每一句話。讀懂，是一切技巧使用的前提。皮之不存，毛將焉附？
Passage 69
Historian Colin Calloway argues that in the late colonial period preceding the American Revolution (1775-1783), the British government sought to seal off territory west of the Appalachian Mountain from the encroachment of land-hungry White settlers, to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states, and to guarantee the integrity of traditional native American hunting grounds. By contrast, White Americans, released by the outbreak of the Revolution from the constraints of Britain’s allegedly benevolent policies, are portrayed by Calloway as ruthless land-grabbers whose new national government endorsed their rapacity. Bernard Bailyn argues, however, that the “Americans” who encroached on Native American land during the Revolution had been British only a few years before. When, during and after the Revolution, White Americans seized Native American land by any available means, they were continuing a tradition dating back to the earliest years of English settlement in North America. And, according to Bailyn, the British government’s prewar efforts to preserve the trans-Appalachian west for Native Americans resulted not from humanitarian virtue or ethnic tolerance but from British Merchants’ desire to maintain their lucrative trade with native Americans and the government’ s desire to control immigration and avoid costly conflict between White and Native Americans over land.
文章解析
Historian Colin Calloway argues that in the late colonial period preceding the American Revolution (1775-1783), the British government sought to seal off territory west of the Appalachian Mountain from the encroachment of land-hungry White settlers, to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states, and to guarantee the integrity of traditional native American hunting grounds.
歷史學家 Colin Calloway 認為在美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭（1775-1783）爆發(fā)之前的殖民時代后期 ，英國政府曾嘗試封鎖阿巴拉契亞山脈以西的領(lǐng)土，為了防止貪婪掠奪土地的白人定居者入侵這塊區(qū)域。他們還曾嘗試把印第安人看成是獨立的國家，來和他們進行協(xié)商。另外，他們也還曾嘗試保障印第安人傳統(tǒng)的狩獵場的完整性。
這句話描述了歷史學家 Colin Calloway 對英國政府的看法。從他的描述可以分析出，他對英國政府持肯定態(tài)度。
By contrast, White Americans, released by the outbreak of the Revolution from the constraints of Britain’s allegedly benevolent policies, are portrayed by Calloway as ruthless land-grabbers whose new national government endorsed their rapacity.
相反，美國白人被 Calloway 看成是無情的土地掠奪者，其掠奪行為受到新政府的支持。這些白人因為獨立戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā)，而擺脫了英國政府仁慈政策的束縛。
這句話的 By contrast 提示了對比關(guān)系。從這句話可以判斷出，Calloway 對美國白人持否定態(tài)度，這和 Calloway 對英國政府的肯定態(tài)度形成了對比。
Bernard Bailyn argues, however, that the “Americans” who encroached on Native American land during the Revolution had been British only a few years before.
但是，Bernard Bailyn 認為，這些在獨立戰(zhàn)爭期間侵占印第安人土地的所謂的“美國人”在幾年前其實還是英國人。
從這句話可以看出，Bernard Bailyn 并不同意 Calloway 的觀點。Calloway 對英國政府持肯定態(tài)度，但 Bernard Bailyn 認為這些掠奪印第安人土地的美國白人其實就是英國人，只不過因為獨立戰(zhàn)爭，美國獨立成為了一個國家，所以他們“搖身一變”成為了美國人。在 Bernard Bailyn 看來，英國人也不是什么好人。
When, during and after the Revolution, White Americans seized Native American land by any available means, they were continuing a tradition dating back to the earliest years of English settlement in North America.
當美國白人在獨立戰(zhàn)爭期間及之后用一切手段去侵占印第安人的土地的時候，他們是在延續(xù)著最早的時候英國定居者在美國的做法。
And, according to Bailyn, the British government’s prewar efforts to preserve the trans-Appalachian west for Native Americans resulted not from humanitarian virtue or ethnic tolerance but from British Merchants’ desire to maintain their lucrative trade with native Americans and the government’ s desire to control immigration and avoid costly conflict between White and Native Americans over land.
另外，Bailyn 認為，在戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)之前，英國政府并不是出于人道主義或者是包容多種族的原因，才努力為印第安人保留跨阿巴拉契亞區(qū)域西部的這塊土地的，而是因為英國商人想要保留他們和印第安人之間貿(mào)易，兩者之間的貿(mào)易讓英國商人賺得滿盆缽提。同時，英國政府也希望能夠控制移民數(shù)量，并且避免美國白人和印第安人就土地問題產(chǎn)生代價高昂的沖突。
最后兩句話詳細地闡述了 Bailyn 的觀點。他對英國人持否定態(tài)度，在他看來，英國政府為印第安人做的事情并不是因為他們道德高尚，而是因為他們想保住自己的利益。
題目解析
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. suggest that two different arguments about a particular historical period are both questionable
B. present historical evidence that undermines a widely accepted viewpoints
C. defend a revisionist historian’s thesis against traditionalist criticism
D. outline opposing interpretations of a particular historical phenomenon
E. resolve a dispute among historians over a controversial historical episode
白話版講解：
第一題：這篇文章的主旨大意是什么？
這道題應(yīng)該選 D。這篇文章描述了 Calloway 和 Bailyn 兩位學者對某個歷史事件的看法。兩者的看法是相對立的。
A. 表明兩種有關(guān)某個特定歷史時期的論證過程都是有問題的。
B. 提供了歷史證據(jù)來削弱一個廣泛認可的觀點。
C. 為一個的修正主義歷史學家的觀點進行辯護，這個觀點受到了傳統(tǒng)主義者的批評。
D. 概述了對某個歷史現(xiàn)象的兩種對立的解釋。
E. 平息了歷史學中對某個具有爭議的歷史事件進行的爭論。
2. The reference to “the earliest years of English settlement in North America” serves primarily to emphasize the point that
A. Calloway has exaggerated the ruthlessness and rapacity of White settlers in their relations with native Americans prior to the American Revolution.
B. Seizure of Native American lands by White settlers had increased dramatically throughout the time of British Colonial rule.
C. At one time White settlers had negotiated with Native American people as independent foreign states.
D. White settlers had no legitimate ground for claiming title to land they seized west of the Appalachian Mountains.
E. Aggression by White settlers against Native Americans during and after the American Revolution was not a new phenomenon.
第二題：文中提到“最早的時候在美國的英國定居者”，目的是為了強調(diào)一個什么觀點？
這道題的正確答案是E。題干引用的在原文第四句。第四句話的意思是：當美國白人在獨立戰(zhàn)爭期間及之后用一切手段去侵占印第安人的土地的時候，他們是在延續(xù)著最早的時候英國定居者在美國的做法。這說明美國白人對印第安人的土地進行掠奪的這種行為，早期的英國殖民者早就做過了。
A. Calloway 夸大了美國白人在獨立戰(zhàn)爭之前，對印第安人的的無情和貪婪。
B. 白人定居者對印第安人的土地進行侵占的行為在英國殖民者的統(tǒng)治期間
C. 白人定居者曾經(jīng)把印第安人當做獨立的國家和他們進行協(xié)商。
D. 白人定居者對于掠奪而來的、阿巴拉契亞山脈以西區(qū)域的土地并沒有合法的所有權(quán)。（該選項和原文第二句的內(nèi)容相反，原文第二句表明對于白人定居者的行為，新政府是支持的。這說明他們對這些掠奪而來的土地是有合法的所有權(quán)的。）
E. 白人定居者在獨立戰(zhàn)爭期間和之后對印第安人的侵占行為并不是什么新鮮事。
3. It can be inferred that both Bailyn and Calloway would probably agree with which of the following assertions regarding the relations between White Americans and Native Americans concerning the trans-Appalachian west
A. The American Revolution unleashed an unprecedented wave of expropriation of Native American land by White settlers.
B. The British government’s prewar policy towards the Native Americans was determined largely by the interests of British merchants who traded with the Native Americans.
C. The British government tried to keep White settlers out of the trans-Appalachian west primarily in order to prevent disputes over land between those settlers and Native Americans.
D. The new national colonial government to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states.
E. One objective of the British government’s land policy prior to the American revolution was to prevent White settlers from moving to the western side of the Appalachian Mountains.
第三題：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可以推斷出，就美國白人和印第安人在跨阿巴拉契亞區(qū)域的西部地帶問題上的關(guān)系，Bailyn 和 Calloway 可能都同意以下哪個說法？
A. 美國獨立革命釋放了一撥前所未有的、美國白人對印第安人的土地進行的征收潮。（這是 Calloway 的觀點，對應(yīng)原文第二句的內(nèi)容。）
B.英國政府在獨立戰(zhàn)爭之前對印第安人的政策很大程度是由和印第安人做生意的英國商人的利益決定的。（這是 Bailyn 的觀點，對應(yīng)原文最后一句話的內(nèi)容。）
C. 英國政府曾試圖讓美國白人定居者遠離跨阿巴拉契亞區(qū)域的西部地帶，主要是為了防止他們和印第安人之間就土地問題發(fā)生沖突。（這是 Bailyn 的觀點，對應(yīng)原文最后一句話的內(nèi)容。）
D. 新的殖民政府把印第安人當成是一個獨立的國家和他們進行協(xié)商。（這一點在原文沒有提及）
E. 在獨立戰(zhàn)爭之前，英國政府實施的土地政策，其目標之一是阻止美國白人定居者往阿巴拉契亞山的西邊行進。（原文第一句和最后一句都提到這一點。該選項的描述符合 Calloway 和 Bailyn 兩人的觀點。） |
