GRE不光有技巧，不光有快速解題法，GRE更加考察大家的邏輯硬實(shí)力，文字理解實(shí)打?qū)嵉纳疃?/span>。良好的GRE備考應(yīng)當(dāng)在課堂上向老師學(xué)習(xí)快速解題法，取同取反邏輯的同時(shí)，課下扎扎實(shí)實(shí)的讀懂每一句話。讀懂，是一切技巧使用的前提。皮之不存，毛將焉附？
Passage 70
The main exception to primate researchers’ general pattern has been the study of male care among monogamous primates. It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist- illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females. Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to court the female in her staggering reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it. It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.
Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture. First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or facultive monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy. Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility that the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did in some way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy. Either scenario could be true. The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon. In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/ or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.
文章解析
The main exception to primate researchers’ general pattern has been the study of male care among monogamous primates.
對(duì)于研究靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)的研究人員來(lái)說(shuō)，他們?cè)谘芯磕Ｊ缴铣霈F(xiàn)的最主要的一種例外情況，是在研究一夫一妻制的靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物中，雄性的照看行為時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的。
It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist- illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females.
在新大陸猴子中，雄性對(duì)它們幼崽進(jìn)行直接照顧的程度和付出，和雌性一樣，甚至超過(guò)雌性。這件事情早已不是什么新鮮事，自從動(dòng)物學(xué)家兼插畫(huà)家 George Edwards 決定觀察在倫敦一個(gè)花園里的寵物狨（一種棲息于中南美洲的小長(zhǎng)尾猴）的行為的時(shí)候，我們就發(fā)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)了。
Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to court the female in her staggering reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it.
在狨這類(lèi)猴子和檉柳猴（新大陸猴子的一種）中，母親一般一年生育兩次，而且每次基本都會(huì)生下雙胞胎，為了給承受巨大生育壓力的雌性獻(xiàn)殷勤，雄性會(huì)一直照顧著幼崽（哺乳時(shí)間除外）。
It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.
Klemain 認(rèn)為，一夫一妻制度，以及雄性對(duì)親子關(guān)系的自信（即雄性相信雌性孵化的后代是自己的孩子）對(duì)于這種養(yǎng)育模式的進(jìn)化非常重要。與此同時(shí)，Symons 和其他人認(rèn)為，在靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物中，一夫一妻的情況很少出現(xiàn)。
以上四句是第一段的內(nèi)容。第一段首先是描述了靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物中的一種現(xiàn)象，并且對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象提出了解釋。
Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture.
但是，最近的發(fā)現(xiàn)卻讓人們對(duì)過(guò)去的觀點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生了質(zhì)疑。
First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or facultive monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy.
首先，一夫一妻制在靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物中比之前人們認(rèn)為的更常見(jiàn)。不管是義務(wù)一夫一妻制（雌性必須要在雄性的幫助下才能養(yǎng)育自己的后代），還是兼性一夫一妻制（雄性并不會(huì)承諾和某一個(gè)定性的雌性交往，但是因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有更好的其它交配機(jī)會(huì)，所以選擇和她呆在一起），一夫一妻制度在 17% 到 20% 的現(xiàn)存靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物中有被人類(lèi)記錄到。其次，根據(jù) Hrdy 的觀點(diǎn)，雄性照顧孩子的情況比之前人們認(rèn)為的更普遍，而且這種情況也不僅僅限于一夫一妻制的物種中。
這句話表明，過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的兩種觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)于一夫一妻制度和雄性照顧后代這兩件事情之間的因果關(guān)系有著相反的理解。過(guò)去人們認(rèn)為是一夫一妻制度導(dǎo)致了雄性進(jìn)化到能夠去照看后代的程度。而現(xiàn)在的觀點(diǎn)則認(rèn)為，雄性能夠擁有照看后代的能力導(dǎo)致了一夫一妻制度的出現(xiàn)。
Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility that the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did in some way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy.
在過(guò)去，人們認(rèn)為一夫一妻制度，以及雄性對(duì)于親子關(guān)系的自信讓動(dòng)物進(jìn)化到了雄性會(huì)去養(yǎng)育后代（的程度）。而現(xiàn)在，我們應(yīng)該去考慮另外一種可能性（另外一種可能性是更合理的）。這種可能性就是，雄性靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物具備能夠出色完成照顧自己子女的能力，而這種能力讓靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物中的成員提前適應(yīng)了雄性和雌性之間的親密、長(zhǎng)期的關(guān)系。而這種兩性之間存在的親密、長(zhǎng)期關(guān)系導(dǎo)致了一夫一妻制的出現(xiàn)。
Either scenario could be true.
這句話表明，前面提到的雄性照看后代和一夫一妻制度的產(chǎn)生，兩者之間到底是誰(shuí)導(dǎo)致了誰(shuí)，目前還沒(méi)有定論。
The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon.
關(guān)鍵是，沒(méi)有理由認(rèn)為雄性去撫養(yǎng)后代是一種特有的，比較局限的行為。（也就是說(shuō)這種情況并不少見(jiàn)。）
In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.
總而言之，盡管普遍而言，幾乎在所有的靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物中，母親撫養(yǎng)后代上花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和（或）精力要比父親多，但雄性在撫養(yǎng)后代上面起到的作用比我們認(rèn)為的更重要，也更多樣化。
題目解析
1. The author the passage mentions the work of Hrdy primarily to
A. present an instance of untenable assumption.
B. illustrate a consensus by citing a representative claim.
C. provide evidence that challenges a belief.
D. highlight a corollary of a widespread view.
E. offer data that help resolve a debate.
第一題：文章作者提到 Hrdy 的作品，目的是什么？
原文在第二段開(kāi)頭提到了 Hrdy 的觀點(diǎn)，這句話是對(duì)第二段第一句的內(nèi)容（Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture.）進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的闡述。而第二段第一句話的內(nèi)容是對(duì)第一段結(jié)尾提到的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了質(zhì)疑。
A. 是為一個(gè)站不住腳的假設(shè)提供一個(gè)例子。
B. 是通過(guò)引用某個(gè)具有代表性的觀點(diǎn)，來(lái)闡述一個(gè)共識(shí)。
C. 是為了提供證據(jù)，而這個(gè)證據(jù)是對(duì)某種觀點(diǎn)提出了挑戰(zhàn)和質(zhì)疑。
D. 是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)普遍認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)會(huì)導(dǎo)致的必然結(jié)果、結(jié)論。
E. 是為了給出數(shù)據(jù)，來(lái)解決某個(gè)爭(zhēng)論話題。
2. According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy is
第二題：文章內(nèi)容，雄性照顧后代和一夫一妻制度之間的進(jìn)化關(guān)系是怎樣的？
原文第二段提到了雄性照顧后代和一夫一妻制度之間的關(guān)系。以前認(rèn)為是前者導(dǎo)致了后者，現(xiàn)在人們認(rèn)為是后者導(dǎo)致了前者。隨后文章又對(duì)兩者之前的因果關(guān)系做出了評(píng)價(jià)（Either scenario could be true. ）。這句話說(shuō)明兩者之間的關(guān)系目前還沒(méi)有定論。
3. The author of the passage suggests that it is “appropriate to consider the alternative possibility” because the previous view
A. results in a contradiction.
B. depends on problematic data.
C. appears less definite given certain facts.
D. conflates two distinct phenomena.
E. overlooks a causal relationship between correlated phenomena.
第三題：作者提到“另外一種可能性更合理一些”是因?yàn)橹暗挠^點(diǎn)有什么問(wèn)題？
文章首先在第一段提到，人們過(guò)去觀察的結(jié)果是，雄性養(yǎng)育后代的情況也是比較少見(jiàn)。第二段提到，因此，過(guò)去的人們認(rèn)為，是一夫一妻制度導(dǎo)致雄性愿意養(yǎng)育后代。但是后來(lái)，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一夫一妻制度比之前人們認(rèn)為的更常見(jiàn)，而且雄性照顧后代的情況也比之前人們認(rèn)為的更普遍。因此，作者提到，另外一種可能性更合理一些，也就是雄性有能力照顧后代，導(dǎo)致了一夫一妻制度的出現(xiàn)。因此，我們可以分析出，文章認(rèn)為前面一種觀點(diǎn)它所依據(jù)的事實(shí)情況是有問(wèn)題的。
A. 因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)了前后不一致、矛盾的情況。
B. 因?yàn)樗歉鶕?jù)有問(wèn)題的數(shù)據(jù)得出來(lái)的。
C. 因?yàn)樗歉鶕?jù)一些不確定的情況得出來(lái)的。
D. 因?yàn)樗煜藘蓚€(gè)不同的現(xiàn)象。
E. 因?yàn)樗鲆暳藘蓚€(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的現(xiàn)象之間存在的因果關(guān)系。
4. Which of the following statement, if true, would provide the greatest support to “the alternative possibility”?
A. The number of primate species in which male care of infants is exhibited is greater than the number of primate species that practice monogamy.
B. Male care of infants among primates can be seen earlier in the evolutionary record than can monogamy among primates.
C. Monogamous relationships among primates can be found in species living in a variety of physical environments.
D. Most primate species that practice monogamy do not show any evidence of male care of infants.
E. Male care of infants can be observed in some primate species that lack male confidence of paternity.
第四題：以下哪個(gè)說(shuō)法最能支持“另外一種可能性”的說(shuō)法？
另外一種可能性認(rèn)為，雄性顧后代的能力導(dǎo)致了一夫一妻制度的出現(xiàn)。想要加強(qiáng)這種說(shuō)法，只需要加強(qiáng)兩者之間的因果關(guān)系即可。
A. 靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物中，雄性照顧后代的物種數(shù)量比實(shí)行一夫一妻制度的物種數(shù)量多。
B. 靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物中，雄性照顧后代的情況比一夫一妻制度更早出現(xiàn)。（間接支持說(shuō)明前者導(dǎo)致了后者的出現(xiàn)。）
C. 一夫一妻制度可以在生活在各種環(huán)境中的靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物身上觀察到。
D. 大部分實(shí)行一夫一妻制度的靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物都沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)雄性照顧后代的情況。
E. 雄性照顧后代的情況可以在一些靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)物種中觀察到，這些物種里，雄性并不確定自己撫養(yǎng)的后代是否是自己的。
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